In this Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance paper published in February 2011, Alan Pelton reviews the fundamental principles of Nitinol fatigue from a microstructural perspective. Thermal and mechanical fatigue are discussed, with supporting data from DSC, TEM, and tensile testing illustrating mechanisms and and implications of fatigue in a variety of circumstances. Originally presented at SMST-2010, this paper also presents new constant-life diagram data for mean strains up to 9% and strain amplitudes up to 0.6%.